1. Purpose, audience, language and text features (E1)
Scientific texts can inform, explain, report, persuade or argue. Infer the intended audience from vocabulary, tone, assumed knowledge, amount of detail and representations such as diagrams, graphs, headings and captions.
2. Investigation reports (E2)
A strong report communicates the aim, hypothesis, materials, reproducible method, results, discussion and conclusion. Use tables and graphs when they reveal patterns. Discuss accuracy and whether another person could repeat the method and obtain comparable findings.
3. Dichotomous-key app prototype (E3)
Use pairs of clear, mutually exclusive choices based on observable features. For a community audience, keep questions concise, navigation obvious and images or icons purposeful.
4. Letter to the editor (E4)
State a clear environmental viewpoint, support it with relevant evidence, use respectful persuasive language and finish with a realistic call to action. Persuasion does not justify exaggerating what the evidence shows.
5. Explaining seasons to a younger audience (E5)
Use simple language and a helpful diagram. Earth rotates to produce day and night. Earth’s axis is tilted; as Earth revolves around the Sun, each hemisphere receives changing sunlight angles and day lengths across the year, producing the seasons.
6. Particle-theory animation (E6)
Animation is useful because it can represent movement and change over time. Show solids as closely packed particles vibrating, liquids as close particles moving past one another and gases as widely spaced particles moving freely. Use labels or narration so the motion is interpreted correctly.