The core idea is that a good investigation is not just “doing an experiment”. The method must match the hypothesis, define what changes and what is measured, state important assumptions, be clear enough to reproduce, and be planned so risks, ethical issues and responsibilities on Country/Place are addressed before work begins.
Planning flow: Question/hypothesis → method match → variables → assumptions → reproducible steps → risk/ethics → Country/Place responsibilities where relevant → conduct and record → review.
E1 — Does the method test the hypothesis?
Compare the proposed method with the hypothesis. If the hypothesis says sunlight affects plant growth, the method should vary sunlight, measure growth and keep other relevant factors such as water and soil as constant as practical. A detailed method can still be invalid if it tests the wrong relationship.
E2 — Variables and assumptions
- Independent variable: deliberately changed.
- Dependent variable: measured outcome.
- Controlled variables: relevant factors kept as constant as practical.
- Assumptions: conditions treated as true or constant, such as instrument calibration, ambient temperature or material purity.
E3 — Reproducibility
A reproducible method states equipment, quantities, sequence, measurements, controls and repeats clearly enough for another investigator to follow. Similar results are expected; exact identical numbers are not required. Reviewing another student’s method can reveal missing steps, vague measurements or uncontrolled variables.
E4 — Assumptions about constants
Examples include assuming room temperature remains stable, materials have comparable properties, substances have expected purity, or measuring devices are accurate. Good investigators identify these assumptions and reduce weak ones by measuring or standardising conditions where practical.
E5 — Risk management
Identify the hazard, possible harm and a specific control. “Be careful” is not enough. For example: hot glassware → burns → use suitable tongs/gloves and allow cooling; chemical splash → eye injury → wear goggles.
E6 — Ethics and living things
Methods involving living organisms should minimise unnecessary harm, stress or injury, use alternatives where appropriate, and follow relevant school or jurisdiction guidance.
E7 — Heritage laws
Field investigations must recognise that First Nations heritage places and objects are protected under state and territory laws. Legal requirements vary by jurisdiction and do not replace local cultural protocols.
E8 — Collaboration with First Nations communities
Ecosystem investigations should be planned with relevant First Nations communities or organisations where appropriate, with agreed protocols, respectful use of knowledge and mutually beneficial outcomes.
E9 — Artefacts and heritage sites
Students should recognise that possible human stonework, artefact scatters and other heritage material must not be harmed or disturbed. Identification should be cautious and context-based; unusual rocks should not automatically be labelled artefacts.